DI HUJUNG PELANGI – CHAPTER ONE

(BERTAHAN, PALING OFENSIF)
Oleh Mukhlis “elf” Rifani


Tubuh sudah terasa lunglai, di hari ini aku dimanjakan dengan kegiatan-kegiatan yang cukup untuk menguras lebih dari separoh energi. Aku mengklaim kebahagiaanku saat itu, aku seakan terbebas dari pikiran-pikiran yang menghantu, beban pikiran yang menagih rotasi kompromi, siklus kehidupan yang memelihara rasa takut di setiap rongga-rongga otakku. Kurasa kebahagiaanku jelas memantul cerminan wajah gembira, kini jaring sadarku menyaingi utopia. Pagiku gelak dan tawa, siangku indah bahagia, malamku ta mau mengalah, di hari sepekat jelaga, epilog kisahku semakin menggila. Sudah ku duga aku akan berubah wujud, tubuh yang sama, roh yang berbeda, sungguh tak nyata tetapi menyenangkan. Terucap tanya di benak ini, “Siapa motor pengendaliku malam ini?” di ujung hari lantang ku tantang pekat ku boikot semua belikat. Atau tubuh ini hanyalah tubuh tanpa pengendali, yang mencoba membangun imaji khayalan dan mempromosikan kebebasan hasrat, di saat ku hanya bisa menunggu saat fana dunia membangunkanku.

Rohku melihat tubuhku dari awang, melayang di antara konstelasi mencari tenang. Perlahan kembali mengingatkan tubuhku, mengalunkan metronom aransemen merdu, bisik hatif kata-kata ayu menusuk tepat di organ badan yang berwarna kemerah-merahan di bagian kanan atas rongga perutku. Tetapi semua hanya alunan lirih, jelas kalah nyaring di ruang kedap dengan indikator musik yang merah membara dan gemrincing bunyi gelas yang nampak sering beradu. Akan tetapi, lantang suara lirih terdengar dan kuat indah ujar di saat itu, sejenak membuatku tersadar, pergerakan terasa melambat, seketika senyap, ku arahkan pandang di setiap sudut ruang. Hanya ¼ dari 60 kali ketukan jarum detik kenyataan itu terjadi, dan semua kembali seperti semula. Aku tau ada yang membingungkan, tapi aku tidak tau apa yang sedang berlangsung. Kesadaran itu hadir dan pudar di kala yang sangat singkat, ku terbangun ketika temanku mencoba meraih tanganku tuk bersanding, dan semakin mengukuhkan diriku menemani pergantian hari ini dengan dua kelopak mata menganga. Tidak lagi ku hiraukan bisikan-bisikan lembut itu, walupun Ia datang 2 kali lagi dan mencoba memberikan terapi. Tapi kali ini ku anggap semua suara sama.

Mentari masih enggan ketuk pintu malam. Tubuhku semakin tak berdaya, kulit semakin menempel pada tulang-tulangku, yang tidak lebih berharga dari apapun, dan atau mungkin akan tampak lebih sangat penting untuk makanan belatung di gundukan TPS. Yang sebenarnya merekapun tidak pernah puas dengan kondisi tubuh yang belum tersentuh makanan sejak awal siang. Bahkan Rohku enggan bergandengan tangan lagi denganku. Kegelapan sudah mulai memudar di angkasa, Rohku masih berkelana mencari kedamaian, yang tidak Ia dapatkan di dalam tubuh itu, kebingungaan Rohku meradang dikala ia harus mendapatkan supply porsi “makanan” yang sama sesuai dengan tubuh itu, Ia pun meluncurkan tanya kapan terakhir makanan itu diberi!!?. Rohku kembali dan tidak lagi mengenaliku, perlahan Ia berdiskusi dengan jiwa sompral, aku merasakan perdebatan hebat di antara keduanya. Hingga saat tak lagi ku rasa dan tak lagi bisa ku jenguk angan.

Kedigdayaan mulai goyah, uraian gizi-gizi terjumlah elok di setiap ukiran tubuhku, seketika rapuh. rajutan sengkarut kisah, tentang bagaimana menyamankan posisi dan pembiasaan diri yang menawarkan hasrat pembangkangan di jagat semesta. Aku dan aku bertahan, paling ofensif, yang telah menghadirkan surga-surga dan neraka bersenyawa di atas dunia. Bersama lantunan lagu nyanyian pipit di pepohonan, di saat sinar berpijar mengawali semua kehidupan, aku terlelap menjagai setiap sisa pembuluh hasrat yang kumiliki hari ini. ooh....... betapa indahnya dunia yang berkalang fajar, namun aku harus berdamai dengan takdir. Izinkan aku mendisiplinkan diri kedalam barisan nisan wahai bentangan seluloid dan alam semesta.

Elf
Malang - Karlos
Senin, 28 Nopember 2011;00:35:25

NOUN, VERB, ADJECTIVE, AND ADVERB

WHAT ARE NOUNS?

Definition :
A noun is a member of syntactic class
> That includes words which refer to peoples, places, things, ideas, or concepts

Nouns :
• Jakarta
n. seaport and capital city of Indonesia situated on the island of Java
• man [mæn]
n. adult male human
• salt [sɔːlt]
n. sodium chloride, common crystalline mineral
• congregation [con•gre•ga•tion ||
n. coming together, assembling
• movement ['move•ment || 'muːvmənt]
n. act of moving, motion; specific type of motion
• student [stu•dent || 'stuːdnt /-tju-]
n. one who is enrolled in a school or college
• Hadi and Udin
male first names
• life [laɪf]
n. state of being alive (manifested by growth, reproduction, etc.);
• country [coun•try || 'kʌntrɪ]
n. state, nation; region; rural area

Examples :
1. Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia
2. I met a man yesterday
3. Salt is necessary for food
4. I see large congregation at mosque
5. We lay there without movement
6. Students’ book
7. Hadi’s sincerity
8. We study to succeed in life
9. Udin always listens to the radio
10. Everyone has to love his country

Kinds :
> Proper Noun
> Common Noun
> Material Noun
> Collective Noun
> Abstract Noun
> Possessive Noun


WHAT ARE VERBS?

Definition :
A verb is a member of the syntactic class of word that
> Typically signal events and action
> Word that tells of an action or state of being and the time of when it is

Verbs :
• need [nɪːd]
v. require; be in distress, be under hardship; be obligated
• drench [drentʃ]
v. wet, soak, saturate
• look [lʊk]
v. turn one's eyes in order to see someone or something
• grow [grəʊ]
v. become larger; cultivate; be changed; be; become
• travel [trav•el || 'trævl]
v. go on a journey, go on a voyage, move, go from one place to another
• kick [kɪk]
v. strike with the foot
• distort [dis•tort || dɪ'stɔːt]
v. deform; falsify; twist; contort
• will [wɪl]
v. verb used together with other verbs to indicate the future tense
• be [biː;bɪ]
v. exist; occur, happen; occupy a position or place

Examples :
1. Albar needed help
2. The rain drenched us
3. Ghanee looked beautiful
4. The night grew cold
5. Peter grows tomatoes
6. I travel to Bali
7. She kicks and runs
8. That mirror distorts your image
9. When will the bank open?
10. Where are the scissors?

Kinds :
> Auxiliary Verb
> Conjunctive Verb
> Defective Verb
> Finite Verb
> Impersonal Verb  Irregular Verb
> Lexical Verb
> Nonfinite Verb
> Phrasal Verb
> Reflexive Verb


WHAT ARE ADJECTIVES?

Definition :
> An adjective is a word that belongs to a class whose members modify nouns. An adjective specifies the properties or attributes of a noun referent
> A word used to qualify a noun or pronoun

Adjectives :
• diligent ['dil•i•gent || 'dɪlɪdʒənt]
adj. industrious, hard-working
• wooden [wood•en || 'wʊdn]
adj. made from wood; of wood; hard
• third [θɜrd /θɜːd]
adj. next after the second; being one of 3 equal parts
• many [man•y || 'menɪ]
adj. large in number, abundant, numerous
• enough [e•nough || ɪ'nʌf]
adj. sufficient, adequate
• these [ðɪːz]
adj. plural form of "this", word used to indicate several specific people or things
• every [ev•er•y || 'evrɪ]
adj. each
• what [hwɑt ,hwʌt /wɒt]
adj. word used in question to request specific information; which
• its [ɪts]
adj. belonging to it
• all [ɔːl]
adj. each; every; whole of

Examples :
1. Harun is diligent boy
2. My Mother buys wooden chairs
3. The third house is mine
4. Many people are poor
5. Elok had enough clothes and sufficient food
6. These houses are for teacher
7. Every pupil has to study
8. What time is it now?
9. Monkey eats fruit with its hand
10. Ali walks all the way

Kinds :
> Proper Adjective
> Adjective of Quality or State
> Adjective of Number or Quality
> Demonstrative Adjective  Distributive Adjective
> Introgrative Adjective
> Possesive Adjective

WHAT ARE ADVERBS?

Definition :
A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words that
> Typically signal events and actions
> Words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

Adverbs :
• slowly
adv. at a low rate of speed, not quickly
• yesterday ['yes•ter•day || jestə(r)deɪ]
adv. on the day before the present day
• out [aʊt]
adv. outside; on the exterior; on the outskirts; until the end; completely
• fairly [fair•ly || 'ferlɪ /'feəl-]
adv. justly; well enough, moderately; clearly
• too [tuː]
adv. excessively; also
• higher [high•er || 'haɪə(r)]
adv loftier, taller, greater than normal
• more [mɔr /mɔː]
adv. to a greater degree; additionally; further; again
• quietly ['kwaɪətlɪ]
adv. silently, noiselessly; peacefully, tranquilly, restfully
• extremely [ex'treme•ly || -lɪ]
adv. very, highly, very much; in a radical manner
• most [məʊst]
adv. to the greatest extent, to the highest degree; mainly; nearly (Old English)
• far [fɑr /fɑː]
adv. distantly; from afar; considerably; very

Examples :
1. Adverb modify verbs.
> We walk slowly (How)
> We walked yesterday (When)
> We walk out (Where)
2. Adverb modify adjective
> It was a fairly clear day
> The problem is too difficult
> The kite flies higher in the sky
> I walked into the library more quietly than before
3. Adverb modify other adverb
> Gaguk talk extremely fast
> He laughs most happily
> The ball rolled far away

References
1. Klaiman, M. H., Grammatical Voice (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics), Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991.
2. Maufur, M., English Grammar, Darussalam University Press, 1993
3. Englishclub.com
4. Klaiman, M. H., Grammatical Voice (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics), Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991.
5. Practical English Grammar, Cambridge Univ. Press
6. Babylon Corp
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/
8. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms.htm/
9. http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/index.htm/
10. http://www.ethnologue.com/LL_docs/show_contents.asp

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE USAGE

1. USE I : FIRSTLY, PRESENT CONTINOUS FORM

The Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

Am, is, are + present participle

Positive	Negative	Question
I am speaking. You are speaking. We are speaking. They are speaking. He is speaking. She is speaking. It is speaking.	I am not speaking. You are not speaking. We are not speaking. They are not speaking. He is not speaking. She is not speaking. It is not speaking.	Am I speaking? Are you speaking? Are we speaking? Are they speaking? Is he speaking? Is she speaking? Is it speaking?

2. USE II : ACTIONS TAKING PLACE AT THE MOMENT OF SPEAKING (NOW)

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Examples :

· I am studying to become a doctor.

· I am not studying to become a dentist.

· I am reading the book Andrea Hirata.

· I am not reading any books right now.

· Are you working on any special projects at work?

· Aren't you teaching at the university now?

3. USE III : DEVELOPMENT, CHANGING SITUATION

The sentence describes a development from one situation to another.

Signal words are not that common here, only sometimes the change of situation is emphasized by using for example more and more.

Examples :

· I’m getting better at playing the piano.

· The weather is improving.

· Our country is getting richer.

· The Internet is becoming less of a novelty.

· The Universe is expanding .

4. USE IV : ARANGEMENT FOR THE NEAR FUTURE

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. In this case we have already made a plan and we are pretty sure that the event will happen in the future.

Examples :

· I’m meeting my father tomorrow.

· I’m leaving at three.

· I am meeting some friends after work.

· I am not going to the party tonight.

· Is he visiting his parents next weekend?

· Isn't he coming with us tonight?

5. USE V : TEMPORARY ACTION OR NEW HABITS

(For normal habits that continue for a long time, we use the present simple).

Examples :

· He is eating a lot these days.

· She’s swimming every morning (she didn’t used to do this).

· You are smoking too much.

· They’re working late every night.

Note:
We do use verbs which express states and are normally not used with the Present Progressive. Watch the different!

· They love being together. (They are not together now.)

· They are loving being together. (They are together now.)

6. USE VI : REPEATED ACTION WHICH ARE IRRITATING TO THE SPEAKER (WITH ALWAYS, CONSTANTLY, FOREVER)

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples :

· She is always coming to class late. (I don’t like it)

· He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.

· I don't like them because they are always complaining.

· Andrew is always coming in late. (I don't like it.)

· Simple Present:
Andrew always comes late. (Here I don't give a comment.)

7. USE VII : PHYSICAL FEELINGS

Some verbs used in the simple form can also be used in the continuous form. That's typically when they have an active meaning or emphasize change. Very often these sentences have a completely different meaning:

Verb Form	Verb	Example	Meaning
Simple	to think	I think you should see a doctor	opinion
Continuous	to be thinking	I'm thinking of changing my flat	trying to reach a decision
Simple	to love	I love going to the cinema	feeling
Continuous	to be loving	You look great in this hat. I'm loving it, man!	emphasis or gradual process
Simple	to smell	I smell something burning	sense
Continuous	to be smelling	My baby was smelling a flower	activity
Simple	to have	He's really rich — he has 3 cars	possession
Continuous	to be having	When you called me, I was having a bath	activity
Simple	to see	I can see you have a big garden	sense
Continuous	to be seeing	I'm seeing him later	appointment
Simple	to taste	I could taste a lot of sugar in the wine	sense
Continuous	to be tasting	He was tasting the cake and said it was OK	activity

Keep in mind there is a group of verbs that can be used in both the continuous and simple forms with no difference. These are, for example, the verbs "to hurt" and "to feel":

• How is Maryfeeling after the accident?
• How does she feelafter the accident?

8. USE VIII : FINALY, VERBS ARE NOT USED IN PROGRESSIVE FORMS

Some English verbs, which we call state, non-continuous or stative verbs, aren’t used in continuous tenses (like the present continuous, or the future continuous). These verbs often describe states that last for some time. Here is a list of some common ones:

Stative (or State) Verb List

like	know	belong
love	realise	fit
hate	suppose	contain
want	mean	consist
need	understand	seem
prefer	believe	depend
agree	remember	matter
mind	recognise	see
own	appear	look (=seem)
sound	taste	smell
hear	astonish	deny
disagree	please	impress
satisfy	promise	surprise
doubt	think (=have an opinion)	feel (=have an opinion)
wish	imagine	concern
dislike	be	have
deserve	involve	include
lack	measure (=have length etc)	possess
owe	weigh (=have weight)

Examples:

• I think you look pretty today. meaning: Opinion
• I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco. meaning: Act of thinking

Note

A verb which isn’t stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action.

9. REFERENCES

1. Practical English Usage 3e - Michael Swan OCR
2. http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/
3. http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/
4. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/
5. http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/tenses/
6.